Poverty

Poverty Alleviation in Pakistan

POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN PAKISTAN

By Dr. Akmal Hussain

VANGUARD

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission writing from the author and publisher.

Copyright:

Dr. Akmal Hussain, 1994.

First published in Pakistan by Vanguard Books (Pvt.) Ltd. Lahore Karachi Islamabad Vanguard Books (Pvt.) Ltd. Head Office: 45 The Mall, Lahore Pakistan Ph: 7243783, 7243779 Fax No. 7245097 Tlx: 47421 SCOOP PK Branch Office: Mashriq Shopping Centre, Sir Shah Suleman Road, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi Ph: 4944175, 210099 Branch Office: Jinnah Super Market, Islamabad Ph: 822443, 210099

ISBN: 969-402-260-6 (HB)

CONTENTS
Acknowledgements Preface Summary THE NATURE OF POVERTY AND THE PROBLEM OF INTERVENTION ix x xi

1

PART I
I. THE MECHANISM OF POVERTY CREATION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 II. 11.1 11.2 The Mechanism of Urban Poverty The Mechanism Underlying Rural Poverty The Mechanism and Nature of Regional Economic Disparity Poverty, Unemployment and Child Work Poverty and Women Poverty and the Environmental Degradation TRENDS IN POVERTY Rural and Urban Poverty: 1960 to 1988 The Regional Dimension of Poverty: Incidence and Intensity by Province 3 3 4 7 9 11 19 21 21 22

III.

ALTERNATIVE PARADIGMS OF POVERTY ALLEVIATION

23

111.1 The Top-Down ‘Delivery’ Paradigm 111.2 Alternative Paradigm: Participatory Development Approach to Poverty Alleviation

23 26

Part II
Section I 1. 1.1 1.2 THE CONTEXT AND THE CONCEPTUAL APPROACH Policy Perspective The Strategic Objectives 37 37 39

Section II 1. PEOPLE CENTERED DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES – LEARNING FROM INNOVATIVE EXPERIENCES IN PAKISTAN AND SOUTH ASIA

40

PART III
THE IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM FOR THE POVERTY ALLEVIATION 45

PART IV
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMMEDIATE FOLLOW-UP ACTION 62

ANNEXURE I Child Workers in Construction and Related Industries ANNEXURE II Rural...