Health and Social the Immune System
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Understanding the
Immune System
How It Works
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
National Cancer Institute
Understanding the
Immune System
How It Works
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
National Cancer Institute
NIH Publication No. 03-5423
September 2003
www.niaid.nih.gov
www.nci.nih.gov
Contents
1 Introduction
2
Self and Nonself
3
The Structure of the Immune System
7 Immune Cells and Their Products
19
Mounting an Immune Response
24
Immunity: Natural and Acquired
28
Disorders of the Immune System
34
Immunology and Transplants
36
Immunity and Cancer
39
The Immune System and the Nervous System
40
Frontiers in Immunology
45
Summary
47 Glossary
Introduction
T
Bacteria:
streptococci
Virus:
herpes virus
Parasite:
schistosome
he immune system is a network of
cells, tissues*, and organs that work
together to defend the body against attacks
by “foreign” invaders. These are primarily
microbes (germs)—tiny, infection-causing
organisms such as bacteria, viruses,
parasites, and fungi. Because the human
body provides an ideal environment for
many microbes, they try to break in. It is
the immune system’s job to keep them out
or, failing that, to seek out and destroy them.
When the immune system hits the wrong
target or is crippled, however, it can
unleash a torrent of diseases, including
allergy, arthritis, or AIDS.
The immune system is amazingly complex.
It can recognize and remember millions of
different enemies, and it can produce
secretions and cells to match up with and
wipe out each one of them.
The secret to its success is an elaborate
and dynamic communications network.
Millions and millions of cells, organized
into sets and subsets, gather...
Immune System
How It Works
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
National Cancer Institute
Understanding the
Immune System
How It Works
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
National Cancer Institute
NIH Publication No. 03-5423
September 2003
www.niaid.nih.gov
www.nci.nih.gov
Contents
1 Introduction
2
Self and Nonself
3
The Structure of the Immune System
7 Immune Cells and Their Products
19
Mounting an Immune Response
24
Immunity: Natural and Acquired
28
Disorders of the Immune System
34
Immunology and Transplants
36
Immunity and Cancer
39
The Immune System and the Nervous System
40
Frontiers in Immunology
45
Summary
47 Glossary
Introduction
T
Bacteria:
streptococci
Virus:
herpes virus
Parasite:
schistosome
he immune system is a network of
cells, tissues*, and organs that work
together to defend the body against attacks
by “foreign” invaders. These are primarily
microbes (germs)—tiny, infection-causing
organisms such as bacteria, viruses,
parasites, and fungi. Because the human
body provides an ideal environment for
many microbes, they try to break in. It is
the immune system’s job to keep them out
or, failing that, to seek out and destroy them.
When the immune system hits the wrong
target or is crippled, however, it can
unleash a torrent of diseases, including
allergy, arthritis, or AIDS.
The immune system is amazingly complex.
It can recognize and remember millions of
different enemies, and it can produce
secretions and cells to match up with and
wipe out each one of them.
The secret to its success is an elaborate
and dynamic communications network.
Millions and millions of cells, organized
into sets and subsets, gather...