Religion and Social Problems

Defining the relationship between religion and social problems is a complex process, as classical and post-classical perspectives “cast the relationship between religion and social problems in a different light” (Beckford, 1989, p.2), therefore sociologists have been divided over the extent to which religion instigates social change. A social problem can be defined as a “social phenomenon identified as intolerable by powerful individuals or institutions and subsequently made the object of mobilisation of resources to effect change” (Hadden, 1980, p. 5).   By drawing upon social theory, this essay will argue that religion has a dual role. It may act as a catalyst bringing about social change, illustrated by the role religious communities play in defining and responding to social problems such as gender discrimination as seen in the case of the ordination of female priests in the Anglican priesthood, religious involvement in volunteering, and the role Islam plays in limiting the spread of HIV/AIDS. Additionally, the problematic aspects of religion will be discussed in order to pinpoint the potential religion has to create such problems as intolerance and international terrorism.
From a Marxist perspective, religion has been perceived as a source of division and exploitation, and therefore can become a social problem in itself. However, religion does not merely function as an alienating force or a mechanism of social control. Functionalist sociologists emphasise the role that religion plays in society; in its provision of meaning and its contribution to social order and change (Krieken & Holborn, 1996). For instance, Durkheim’s definition of religion is two-fold; besides describing what religion is: “a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things” he also focuses on its role in society, highlighting its “contribution to social order and stability through the provision of a unifying set of religious beliefs and rituals” (Krieken & Holborn, 1996,...