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Russian World War Ii Counter-Offensive Of 1941

      It was devastatingly cold in the Russian winter of 1941,
during the peak of the German offensive against Moscow.   Just as it
had Napoleon's armies in the century before, the Russian winter
conditions had stopped the advance on Moscow.   Hitler had not planned
on a winter war, and thus had not properly equipped his troop
frostbite, and thousands of them died of exposure. Indeed, it was this
biting winter which had provided the Russians with an opportunity to
gather themselves, and prepare for one of the most heroic
counter-offensives of World War II - known to the Russian people as
"The Great Patriotic War."  
        It would be wrong to attribute the German failure at this time
solely to the harsh winter; the main failure was that of misjudgment
and mistiming.   The offensive had been launched too late in the year,
at a season where the weather was due to break up.   The Germans had
underestimated the effects of the harsh weather and terrain on their
motorized units, and had poorly rationed their resources - too much
had been asked of the German troops, and strengths had been allowed to
drop too low.
        Despite a few more victories by German forces in November and
December, they would never again substantially advance into the areas
surrounding Moscow.   On October 28th, the German 3 Panzer group, under
the command of Field-Marshal Von Kluge, had again tried to penetrate
into the northern area of Kalinin, and failed.   Hitler called in 9
Army to join the 3 Panzer, and moved them towards the northeast area
above Moscow.   Russian resistance had been uneven, but in the front of
Tula and on the Nara, where new formations were arriving, it had been
the most determined and tough.   The Red Army had fallen back to within
forty miles of Moscow, but was sustained by massive Muscovite power, a
continuing flow of troops to the front line.
        During the months of October and November, nine new Russian
armies...